Which disease was notably introduced to Aboriginal populations by Europeans?

The introduction of smallpox to Aboriginal populations by Europeans had a devastating impact. Smallpox was brought to Australia by British colonizers in the late 18th century and, due to the Aboriginal people's lack of prior exposure to the disease, it spread rapidly and with lethal effect. The consequences were catastrophic, leading to significant loss of life and contributing to the decline of many Aboriginal communities.

Smallpox is particularly relevant in this context because it was one of the first epidemics faced by Aboriginal peoples following European contact, drastically altering their social structures and cultural practices. The disease had a much higher mortality rate among Indigenous Australians than in the European population, as they had no immunity to it.

In contrast, other diseases listed—such as HIV, malaria, and measles—either did not have the same level of widespread impact when first introduced or had different pathways of transmission and effects on the Aboriginal populations. While measles did affect Indigenous peoples, smallpox is more historically significant in terms of the immediate and dramatic consequences of European colonization on Aboriginal health and demographics.